2011～2020年华北平原气溶胶光学厚度时空分布特征及潜在源分析

随着经济高速增长和城市化进程不断加快,华北平原区域性空气污染问题愈演愈烈。针对该区域开展长时序气溶胶光学厚度时空分布特征和潜在源分析研究,对华北平原大气污染治理具有重要意义。基于长时序MODIS/Terra C6.1 MOD04_L2气溶胶光学厚度产品,分析华北平原气溶胶光学厚度的时空分布特征,并利用后向轨迹聚类分析讨论华北平原7个重点城市气团输送的季节变化,并以污染较为严重的河北石家庄为例进行潜在源分析和浓度权重分析,探究影响其大气质量的污染物潜在源区。结果表明:2011～2020年华北平原气溶胶光学厚度月均值呈显著的周期性变化,以年为周期,每个周期内峰值一般出现在6月至8月; 气溶胶光学厚度月际年内呈单峰分布,峰值出现在6月(0.75),最小值出现在12月(0.37); 气溶胶光学厚度季均值从大到小依次为夏季(0.67)、春季(0.59)、冬季(0.49)、秋季(0.46); 10年间气溶胶光学厚度呈下降趋势,整体下降幅度达36.84%,其中2011年最高(0.72),2018年最低(0.45); 华北平原7个重点城市春、夏、秋、冬四季主要受短距离气团输送影响较大,长距离气团输送影响较小; 2014～2020年河北石家庄的空气质量优良天数占比相对较小,空气质量状况差,影响其空气质量的污染物多为本地生成,同时也受周边省市近距离输送的影响。     

Urban lignocellulosic biomass can significantly contribute to energy production in municipal wastewater treatment plants – A GIS-based approach for a metropolitan area

The common fermentation of biogenic wastes and sewage sludge in digesters of municipal wastewater treatment plants is a technically feasible and economically viable approach. As the number of rural biogas production sites is steadily increasing, the question has been raised which biomass feedstocks are left available in sufficient quantities to be used for energy generation at wastewater treatment plant level. The contribution of lignocellulosic biomass collected from urban areas is generally neglected within this context. In the present study, 24 urban substrates have been analyzed for their theoretical methane potential, while 13 of them were tested in batch assays for the determination of their practical achievable methane yield. The theoretical evaluation of the methane potential yielded values ranging between 0.393 and 0.576 Nm³ kgVS⁻¹. The methane yields obtained by batch assays showed significantly lower yields, which depends on the individual composition of the substrates in terms of lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose. A GIS spatial analysis for the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan area was performed to evaluate the feasible capacity of urban biomass as co-fermentation feedstock in digesters of municipal wastewater treatment plants. The analysis revealed that green urban areas provide a significant quantity of biomass of 377 t_FM d⁻¹ that could cover 67% of the annual energy demand of twelve typical wastewater treatment plants located in the metropolis.     

第二过渡周期金属单氧化物电子结构的DFT表征

文章采用九种密度泛函方法系统地研究了第二过渡周期金属单氧化物及其正负离子的键长,频率,电离能,电子亲和势及解离能。     

疏水缔合聚合物剪切降解对SZ36-1油田采出水稳定性影响

研究了不同剪切降解聚合物对原油模拟油与模拟水体系的界面张力、界面剪切粘度、Zeta电位的影响.结果表明,水相为疏水缔合聚合物溶液时,随聚合物剪切降解程度增加,原油模拟油油水界面张力降低,界面剪切粘度减小,Zeta电位的绝对值总体呈增加趋势.     

Mixing potential: A new concept for optimal design of hydrogen and water networks with higher disturbance resistance

During the last decade, the design methods of hydrogen and water networks have been improved greatly. Since the resulting network structure featuring minimum utility consumption is not unique, other properties such as disturbance resistance have drawn more and more attention. In this article, a novel concept, Mixing Potential, is proposed to improve the disturbance resistance ability of the networks in the design stage. This concept originates from measuring the concentration fluctuation of a single sink, and could be calculated by its graphical and algorithmic definition, respectively. In addition, a sufficient condition for minimizing the Mixing Potential of a single sink has been proved. Based on this sufficient condition, a graphical and its corresponding algorithmic method are proposed to design the hydrogen and water networks with minimum utility consumption. Literature examples illustrate that the disturbance resistance ability of the network can be improved by adjusting the satisfying order of sinks. © 2014 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 60: 3762–3772, 2014     

石墨粉对低锌含量水性环氧富锌漆阴极保护性能的影响

配制了颜料体积浓度(PVC)与临界颜料体积浓度(CPVC)之比为0.9的低锌含量水性环氧富锌漆,加入占锌粉质量1%、2%和3%的石墨粉,研究了石墨粉对水性环氧富锌涂层阴极保护性能的影响。涂层的阴极保护性能评价采用传统的开路电位(OCP)测试法与自行开发设计的恒电流溶解法。OCP测试结果表明,添加石墨后的涂层有更长的阴极保护时间,石墨粉添加量越大,阴极保护时间越长。恒电流溶解法测试结果表明,加入石墨粉之后涂层的活性溶解时间变长,石墨粉添加量越高,活性溶解时间越长。导电胶和涂层电极在3.5%NaCl溶液中的电化学阻抗谱测试结果表明,随着石墨粉含量的增加,涂层阻抗降低,阴极保护作用增强。     

青岛市涉危涉重企业环境风险隐患及改进措施研究

对青岛市65家涉及危险化学品和重金属使用或排放企业进行了现场环境风险评估,提出了企业现状存在的环境风险隐患,并给出了相应的改进措施。对评估过程中企业存在的主要环境风险隐患和改进措施进行统计分析,结果表明,无危废暂存场所或不规范,原料桶、包装废物、废桶露天存放,无应急事故水池或事故水池不完善,无初期雨水收集池或不规范,环境应急预案和应急制度不完善,泄露、火灾远程监控及报警系统不完善,车间及物料存放区缺少围堰或无防渗防漏设施等是企业存在的主要环境风险隐患,所占比例依次为17.17%,16.16%,16.67%,17.68%,9.09%,3.54%,6.06%。     

中心城区泵站旱天放江特征及削减潜力分析

中心城区泵站旱天放江产生的臭味已成为严重影响河道水质景观、居民环保投诉的主要问题。该文通过对上海市中心城区近五年泵站放江水量和污染物浓度的分析,明确了旱天放江量近年呈显著下降趋势,旱流放江量是旱天放江减排的重点,雨水泵站是下一步旱天放江控制的重点;泵站旱天放江污染物浓度与当地生活污水水质相近。对于旱流放江和试车放江,可采用工程性措施和管理性措施削减其放江量。中心城区旱天放江有削减潜力的泵站82座,其中应用工程性措施和管理性措施分别能削减旱天放江量约867.95万和908.21万m3,预计总削减量约占2012年旱天放江总量的71.55％。     

化学镀钯拖缸现象的电化学研究

目的 用电化学的方法探究化学镀钯出现拖缸现象的原因 方法 通过开路电位方法探测化学镀钯的引发过程,利用线性扫描伏安法测量极化曲线。在测量阳极极化曲线时不加入钯盐;在测量阴极极化曲线时,不加入次亚磷酸钠。分别求得次亚磷酸钠的起始氧化的电位(EO)、钯离子的起始还原电位(ER)随温度变化的关系曲线,以及甘氨酸浓度对EO和ER的影响,并且采用化学镀实验,研究钯层厚度变化与甘氨酸浓度的关系。结果 发现第1次使用和多次使用的化学镀钯液对引发钯沉积的快慢存在差异,即存在拖缸现象。在镀钯过程中,温度越高,镀液活性越强,越不容易出现拖缸现象,同时稳定性也会下降。在电化学实验中发现,EO随着温度的升高而负移,ER随着温度的升高而正移,二者的差值|ΔE|总体上随着温度的升高而减小。ΔE可以反映镀液的稳定性和衡量化学镀钯引发的难易程度。ΔE<0意味着镀液稳定,化学镀钯需要在催化剂表面引发。当|ΔE|≤0.73 V时,化学镀钯可以正常引发。当|ΔE| >0.73 V时,引发过程存在拖缸现象。甘氨酸的浓度可以影响ΔE。当甘氨酸的质量浓度接近10 g/L时,拖缸现象不明显,无甘氨酸或者其质量浓度大于20 g/L时,容易出现拖缸现象。结论 ΔE的值与化学镀钯液的稳定性和拖缸现象是否发生有关。